Mount Olympus became the first national park in Greece. From the Greek perspective then, Europa was culturally backward and scantily settled. Europe's northernmost point is the Svalbard archipelago of Norway, and it reaches as far south as the islands of Greece and Malta.Europe is sometimes described as a peninsula of peninsulas. Economically, Russia and former Soviet states are not part of what we think of as Europe these days, because they are not part of the European Union. These countries included Greece, Ireland, Spain, and Portugal. Still another scheme with many adherents locates the continental boundary along the Aras River and the Turkish border, thereby putting Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe. Yet it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that modern science was able to draw with some precision the geologic and geographic lineaments of the European continent, the peoples of which had meanwhile achieved domination overand set in motion vast countervailing movements amongthe inhabitants of much of the rest of the globe (see Western colonialism). Wcz obsug JavaScript. The principal articles discussing the historical and cultural development of the continent include history of Europe; European exploration; Western colonialism; Aegean civilizations; ancient Greek civilization; ancient Rome; Byzantine Empire; and Holy Roman Empire. Examples of such physiographic features can be found in the Southern Uplands of Scotland, the Massif Central of France, the Meseta Central of Spain, and the Bohemian Massif. Updates? Nearly 100% of Ukraine's adult population is literate. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The creation of the European Economic Community in 1957 and the EU in 1993 greatly enhanced economic cooperation between many of the continents countries. 2. Europe extends from the island nation of Iceland in the west to the Ural Mountains of Russia in the east. Read important geography facts about Ireland and information about Ireland's landscapes, topography, and coastline. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Greater relief is found in those areas in the heart of western and central Europe where uplifted and faulted massifs survive from the Hercynian orogeny, a late Paleozoic period of mountain formation. Author of. The political cartoons sought to engage in the debate surrounding Muslim extremism. 4. These events had a devastating effect on Denmarks reputation as a progressive and welcoming country. 0. Imperialism is a policy that has been used throughout history, most notably by European powers and the United States. The Iron Curtain was an ideological boundary that divided Europe into two blocsWestern countries influenced by the United States, and Eastern countries influenced by the Soviet Union. The low starting elevation makes the Volga a slow flowing river. Please enable JavaScript. In order to distinguish herds, families and communities developed a pattern of cuts and notches on the animals ears.Reindeer were also the Samis main method of transporting goods during their nomadic journeys. 84% of people in the Netherlands own at least one bicycle. Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. Trees also grow in that southernmost region, including the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), cypress, and cork oak (Quercus suber). Europe has less precipitation in the east than in central and western Europe. It is geographically positioned both in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth. Europe's main peninsulas are the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan, located in southern Europe, and the Scandinavian and Jutland, located in Northern Europe. City-states were unique in that they were governed not by a hereditary ruler, but by a political body that represented its citizens. Iceland, having area of 103 000 km, is larger than Ireland (84 406 km). All in all, Europe enjoys a considerable and long-exploited resource base of soil, forest, sea, and minerals (notably coal), but its people are increasingly its principal resource. Glaciers are found in a surprisingly large number of European countries, including Iceland, Norway, Spain, France, Switzerland, Austria and Germany. Topography studies the . Encyclopedic entry. The Anatolian peninsula is the westernmost point of Asia, divided from Europe by the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. Among the alternative boundaries proposed by geographers that have gained wide acceptance is a scheme that sees the crest of the Greater Caucasus range as the dividing line between Europe and Asia, placing Ciscaucasia, the northern part of the Caucasus region, in Europe and Transcaucasia, the southern part, in Asia. Population Density188 people per square kilometer, Highest ElevationMount Elbrus, Russia (5,642 meters/18,510 feet), Most Renewable Electricity ProducedIceland (99.9%; hydropower, geothermal), Largest Urban AreaMoscow, Russia (16.2 million people), Largest WatershedVolga River (1.38 million square km/532,821 square miles). Developed countries, however, are also facing economic challenges. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. The program highlights Europes rich cultural diversity, celebrates its cultural ties, and brings people of different European backgrounds together. Por favor, active JavaScript. The U.K. also includes Northern Ireland, which is on another island. She or he will best know the preferred format. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. During the harsh winter, the Sami ate all parts of the animal. Lands lying at high elevations can, of course, be lands of low relief, but on the European continent relief tends to become more rugged as elevation increases. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A growing percentage of people in urban areas are employed in a wide range of service activities, which have come to dominate the economies of most countries. For discussion of major cities of the continent, see specific articles by namee.g., Rome, Warsaw, and London. Ancient Greeks also believed reigning gods imprisoned lesser gods underneath the volcanoes. The city is home to the headquarters of luxury brands such as Valentino, Gucci, Versace, and Prada. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. A small troop of Barbary macaques lives on the tiny island of Gibraltar, between Spain and the African country of Morocco.The waters surrounding Europe are home to a number of organisms, including fish, seaweeds, marine mammals, and crustaceans. Southward of the limits of the northern glacial ice are vales and hills, with the Paris and London basins typical examples. The 15 rivers of Europe by average discharge, including only rivers directly flowing into the World Ocean or Endorheic basins: Aegean Islands, land, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus (Adjacent to Asia), Fyn, Faroe Islands, Gotland, Great Britain, Hinnya, Iceland, Ionian Islands, Ireland, Malta, North Jutlandic Island, Saaremaa, Sardinia, Senja, Sicily, Svalbard and Zealand. Grades 6 - 12+ Subjects Arts and Music, Economics, Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, World History Photograph Europe Europe is the western peninsula of the giant "supercontinent" of Eurasia. The consensus is, however, that the largest glacier in Europe is the Vatnajokull glacier in Iceland. A study completed by the Berlin Institute for Population and Development found that Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, western Germany, Switzerland, Slovenia, Austria, and France have the best prospects of supporting vibrant and economically successful societies. Europe's most significant geological feature is the dichotomy between the highlands and mountains of Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from Great Britain in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east. Here are 21 things about this amazing continent that may just surprise you. Europe has a diversity of terrains, physical features, and climates. Each country could easily make a contribution with an interesting fact as the landscape changes so dramatically across small spaces, unlike other continents. For discussion of individual countries of the continent, see specific articles by namee.g., Italy, Poland, and United Kingdom. These journeys varied in length, depending on the migration patterns of specific reindeer herds. The spacious eastern steppes and, to the west and north, primeval forests as yet only marginally touched by human occupancy further underlined environmental contrasts. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It covers an area of 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi). The continents eastern boundary (north to south) runs along the Ural Mountains and then roughly southwest along the Emba (Zhem) River, terminating at the northern Caspian coast. The eastward limits now adopted by most geographers exclude the Caucasus region and encompass a small portion of Kazakhstan, where the European boundary formed by the northern Caspian coast is connected to that of the Urals by Kazakhstans Emba River and Mughalzhar (Mugodzhar) Hills, themselves a southern extension of the Urals. This linguistic diversity is present in the Alpine regions of many contemporary European countries today.Switzerland, for example, has four official languages: German, French, Italian, and Romansch. Holland is a nation of cyclists. The greater part of Europe, however, combines low elevation with low relief. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south (west to east) by the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Kuma-Manych Depression, and the Caspian Sea. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Topographic maps show a wide range of human and physical features of the Earth. To contact our editors please use our contact form. Among the continents, Europe is an anomaly. Note: Italy's capital, Rome, is the country's largest city if only the municipality (comune) is considered. The North European Plain, common to much of Poland, northern Germany, and Denmark, broadens in western France and continues, across the narrow seas, in southeastern Great Britain and Ireland. Corrections? East of the Vistula River, Europes expansive lowlands have something of the scale and character of those of northern Asia. Ukraine is the world's largest producer of sunflower seeds, and across every part of Ukraine, you'll see stunning fields of these yellow blooms. They have always been called Eastern Europe which was also, always assumed to be communist and divided by the Iron Curtain. Automobile companies such as BMW, Mercedes, and Audi are known throughout the world for creating cars with dynamic designs and an engaging driving experience. The country is also home to a number of outstanding schools for automotive design, such as the Hochschule Esslingen and Hochschule Pforzheim.Political GeographyEuropes long history and economic progress have been shaped by its political geography. Today, this cultural wealth is used to solidify the European Community and is exported to the rest of the world as one of the continents greatest global assets.Historic CulturesIndigenous cultures shaped, and were shaped by, the varied geography of Europe. The Central Powers (led by the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire) fell to the forces of the Allied Powers (led by the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire). The Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary. Professor of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs. Today much of topography is focused on creating 3D representations of the Earth's surface. 5 x Fun Facts about Europe The longest town name in Europe is Lanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogo, in Wales The Czech Republic is the most beer-drinking country per capita There are more UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe than any other continent in the world The highest toilet can be found at Mount Blanc Latin, the language of Rome, evolved into French in the western region, and Italian in the south. It was a barbarian worldthat is, a non-Greek one, with its inhabitants making bar-bar noises in unintelligible tongues. There are also central highlands and deserts features in the south. In terms of shape, Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas and nearby islands. Those are coastal and interior lowlands, central uplands and plateaus, the northwestern highlands, and southern Europe. The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined, but the modern definition is generally the Ural River or, less commonly, the Emba River. The lowest terrain in Europe, virtually lacking relief, stands at the head of the Caspian Sea; there the Caspian Depression reaches some 95 feet (29 metres) below sea level. Bitte aktivieren Sie JavaScript. As glaciers receded from the area, they left a number of distinct physical features, including abundant marshlands, lakes, and fjords. Xenophobia is an intense dislike or fear of people from other places or cultures.Two events demonstrate this debate. Geographically, Turkey forms a natural land bridge between the old world continents of Asia, Africa and Europe. This description is simplified. The Grand Canal, Venice, Italy. Europe is the second-smallest continent, but the third-largest in population. Three smaller peninsulasIberia, Italy, and the Balkansemerge from the southern margin of the mainland. The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in Copenhagen, Denmark. These nations do not feel an obligation to accept illegal immigrants, seeing them as both a threat and a burden.Supporters of the crackdown want to stop illegal immigration. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Ireland: geography and landscape. Figures for the population of Europe vary according to which definition of European boundaries is used. The euro is the second-most popular currency (behind the American dollar) and is used daily by more than 320 million people. The European Union has established the Schengen Areaa zone where Europeans can travel from country to country without having to show their passports. It is home to many navigable rivers, including the Rhine, Weser, Elbe, Oder, and Vistula. The North European Plain remains the most densely populated region of Europe.Central UplandsThe Central Uplands extend east-west across Central Europe and include western France and Belgium, southern Germany, the Czech Republic, and parts of northern Switzerland and Austria.The Central Uplands are lower in altitude and less rugged than the Alpine region and are heavily wooded. Turku officials hope to inspire other European countries to undertake similar projects.Europe also strengthens ties between its diverse peoples and cultures by supporting multilingual education. As observed on Germany's physical map, the country's topography varies significantly from north to south. The two largest peninsulas are mainland Europe and Scandinavia to the north, divided from each other by the Baltic Sea. Glaciation too has left its mark over wide areas, and the processes of erosion and deposition have created a highly variegated and compartmentalized countryside. World War I (1914-1918) left about 16 million people dead. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Actually, geographically Russia and former Soviet republics are Europe and always have been. Population growth in Europe is rather minimal with minimal age comparatively high. Europe's population is 741.4 million people. Przemek. The central uplands and plateaus present distinctive landscapes of rounded summits, steep slopes, valleys, and depressions. 12. Greater Milan is the largest Metropolitan Area in Italy. Geography of Europe Europe is traditionally defined as one of seven continents. Gouffre Mirolda is the 3rd deepest cave in the world after Krubera Cave and Illyuzia-Mezhonnogo-Snezhnaya Cave, both in Georgia (former Soviet Republic). Within the standard geographical boundaries, it is comprised of 737 million. Only North Korea has such high literacy rates as Ukraine. Above all, in southern EuropeAustria and Switzerland includedlevel, low-lying land is scarce, and mountain, plateau, and hill landforms dominate. Iceland is usually included in Europe because it is over twice as close to mainland Europe as mainland North America. It is characterized by simple, minimalist design and low-cost mass production. Those highland areas include lands of abundant rainfallwhich supplies hydroelectricity and water to industrial citiesand provide summer pastures for cattle. Associated vegetation and soil forms also show continual variety, but only portions of the dominant woodland that clothed most of the continent when humans first appeared now remain. All of the events must come together under a common theme or themes. I think the same issue applies to Turkey, which unlike Russia sees itself as belonging more to Europe than Asia, politically and economically. A fjord is a long and narrow inlet of the sea that is surrounded by high, rugged cliffs. Nonetheless, in manufacturing and agriculture Europe still occupies an eminent, if no longer necessarily predominant, position. Population growth is comparatively slow, and median age comparatively high in relation to the world's other continents. Europe Facts for KS2 Children. International economic and military organizations developed on either side of the Iron Curtain. It is bounded by the North Sea in the north and west. By the end of the war, the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires collapsed and broke into a dozen separate nations. The city of Milan is regarded as a major fashion capital, hosting an international fashion week twice a year. Traders and travelers also reported that the Europe beyond Greece possessed distinctive physical units, with mountain systems and lowland river basins much larger than those familiar to inhabitants of the Mediterranean region. [citation needed] These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps/Carpathians. In 1397, Denmark's Queen Margaret created the Kalmar Union, which included Sweden, Finland, Norway . As a continent with hugely diverse topography, the geographical facts about Europe are going to be an interesting collection. It is one of the biggest glaciers in the world, covering almost 9,000 sq km (3,500 square miles). Topography is the study of the Earth's surface. Switzerland's administrative capital is Bern, while Lausanne serves as its judicial centre. Germany's largest wooded area,. Lets take a short tour around some of the most notable geographical facts about Europe. Indeed, Turkey has sought membership in the European Union (EU), and the Republic of Cyprus joined the organization in 2004. Historically, Europe has been a center of immigration. The Netherlands is a country located in Northwestern Europe. It is 1733 meters (5,686 feet) deep and is located near the Swiss and Italian borders, in the area of the Savoy Alps close to the village of Samoens. The highest summit in Iceland is Hvannadals Peak, at 6,952 feet (2,119 metres), while Ben Nevis, the highest peak in Great Britain, stands at an elevation of only 4,406 feet (1,343 metres). The financial crisis is defined by debt and high unemployment. Superficial rock cover, elevation, drainage, and soil have sharply differentiated those lowlandswhich are of prime importance to human settlementinto areas of marsh or fen, clay vales, sand and gravel heaths, or river terraces and fertile plains. The Louvre is the most visited attraction in Europe Other political institutions of Rome persist throughout Europe and former European colonies. Desert climates are found in the European portion of Kazakhstan and South Eastern Spain. In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). The western part of the continent clearly has a high proportion of coastline with good maritime access and often with inland penetration by means of navigable rivers. In fact, the most famous symbol of the Iron Curtain was the Berlin Wall, which divided the East German city of Berlin into western and eastern-controlled parts.The economic and political demise of the Soviet Union led to the end of the Iron Curtain in the late 1980s. (South of Northern Ireland is the separate country of Ireland, which gained its independence from the U.K. in 1937.) Europe's eastern frontier is usually delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia, which is the largest country by land area in the continent. Huge herds of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) feed on these tiny plants.The taiga, which stretches across northern Europe just south of the tundra, is composed of coniferous forests, with trees such as pine, spruce, and fir. Routes detour around, or seek gaps through, those uplandswhose German appellation, Horst (thicket), recalls their still wooded character, while their coal basins give them great economic importance. Enacting regional social policies and economic legislation, especially through bodies like the European Union, may help curb that trend. National Geographic News: New Fault Found in EuropeMay 'Close Up' Adriatic Sea, National Geographic News: Volcanic Ash Stops Europe FlightsWhy Ash Is Dangerous, European Environment Agency: European Land Cover, National Geographic Education: Mapping EuropeLand Mammal Range. Physiographically, it is the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia (or the larger Afro-Eurasia ); Asia occupies the centre and east of this continuous landmass. Four broad topographic units can be simply, yet usefully, distinguished in the continent of Europe. As part of an international agreement signed at the conference, all 27 member states of the European Union agreed to reduce carbon emissions by 20 percent by 2020 (from 1990 levels).The EU also notified the UN of a conditional offer to increase this cut to 30 percent, provided that other major emitters agree to take on their fair share of a global reduction effort. This conditional offer illustrates the tension that was present at the conference between developed countries high carbon emissions and developing countries low or rising carbon use. CORDIS website requires JavaScript enabled in order to work properly. The program has provided a lasting economic boost to cities and regions, raised their international profiles, and enhanced their images in the eyes of their own inhabitants.Each year, two or three cities are chosen to produce a year-long program of cultural events. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Slavic-based civilization dominates much of the territory occupied by the former Soviet Union from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean. Of the top 10 largest lakes in Europe, 6 are in Russia, although 1 partly sits in Estonia. France is known for being a world power and has been an economic and cultural center of Europe for hundreds of years. An arc of uplands also exists along the northwestern seaboard, beginning in southwestern Ireland, continuing across through western and northern Great Britain, and up along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Norway. Lake Ladoga is the worlds 14th largest lake by area, and Russia also has the deepest lake in the world Lake Baikal. The link between these peninsulas has made Europe a dominant economic, social, and cultural force throughout recorded history.Europe's physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately.Europe can be divided into four major physical regions, running from north to south: Western Uplands, North European Plain, Central Uplands, and Alpine Mountains.Western UplandsThe Western Uplands, also known as the Northern Highlands, curve up the western edge of Europe and define the physical landscape of Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, and Denmark), Finland, Iceland, Scotland, Ireland, the Brittany region of France, Spain, and Portugal.The Western Uplands is defined by hard, ancient rock that was shaped by glaciation. Norway has the longest coastline in Europe. The language survives in Switzerland because of the remote location of its native speakers.Contemporary CulturesEuropes rich and diverse cultural heritage continues to flourish today. 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