b) compaction a.The sample in Figure 14a has a fairly uniform grain size, so is geologically well-sorted, whereas samples in Figures 14b and c have a range of grain sizes. Some rocks have pores that are not part of active groundwater flow paths (e.g., some voids in vesicular basalt); pores that are dead ends (similar to a cul-de-sac on a street map); and pores with extremely small connections such that even water molecules do not easily pass, as is the case for some pores in clays. d.Estimate the porosity of the sediments in Figures 14a to d, selecting a value from the following ranges for each: less than 10%; 10-20%; 20-30%; 30-40%. The fractional volume of pores that are interconnected is referred to as effective porosity. The area or zone where groundwater emerges from the aquifer. It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time. Interconnected void space allows groundwater to move into and out of porous material. b) surface waves d) transform faulting uplifts the rocks d) continental shelves along passive margins, how did the South Atlantic Ocean form? After dissolution, porosity was greater than before dissolution, increasing by 0.140%, 0.038%, 0.042%, and 0.126%, respectively . In some permeable materials groundwater may move several meters in a day; in other places, it moves only a few centimeters in a century. Follow the instructions listed in the video and answer the following questions: Each arrow in Figure 2 represents a process or flow of the hydrologic cycle. d) deep trenches, A divergent plate boundary is most likely associated with a(n): a) there are more pieces but the surface area does not change 2. extract groundwater and treat it and the soil - not efficient or productive b) melting and solidification a) S waves Strictly speaking, some tests measure the "accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible from the surface (cf. A confining layer is a layer of low permeability geologic material that restricts the flow of water to or from the aquifer. So, for a given specific discharge, a low porosity gives a much higher speed of flow; this is because the same amount of flow has to go through a much smaller porous area. c) nuclear energy from the heated uranium-rich rocks a) the hardness of bedrock along the coast b) the decay of creatures that float on the ocean surface and settle to the bottom The porosity will vary with grain size in the following ways: a.For unconsolidated sediments, the larger the grain size, the lower the porosity (Table 1). Materials 2023, 16, 1828. https: . d) all of these d) Mt. d. HCl\mathrm{HCl}HCl is more soluble in water than in CCl4\mathrm{CCl}_4CCl4. 2. septic tanks d.Porosity in Figures 14a to d are, respectively, 30-40%, 20-30%, 10-20%, less than 10%. mimics in a subdued way the topography of the earth's surface. d) the rock cooled slowly c) convergent and divergent The permittivity develops the electric field, whereas the permeability develops the magnetic field. 4. leads to saline intrusions d) solidification and uplift, Of Earth's four overlapping spheres, which of the following does not involve material above Earth's surface? d) shale An estimated 77 billion gallons per day of fresh groundwater was pumped in the United States in 1995, which is about 8 percent of the estimated 1 trillion gallons per day of natural recharge to the Nation's groundwater resources. c) the present is the key to the past When such zones are penetrated by wells, the water rises above the point at which it was first found because a confined aquifer is under pressure exceeding that of atmospheric pressure. Hydrogeologists classify these aquifers based on two main qualities, the porosity or free space between particles in the aquifer, and permeability. d) ionic bond, The most important class of rock-forming minerals on Earth is: e) all of the above are ways to form layers, e) all of the above are ways to form layers, Which of the following does not help define layers in some sedimentary rocks? c) using satellites to observe the sea floor surface The volume of water needed to saturate the sample is then divided by the sample volume to determine the effective porosity (Equation 6). 7. pore collapse. Some part of the precipitation that lands on the ground surface infiltrates into the subsurface. c) carrying finer material, like dust and silt, in air currents Free drainage occurs because of the force of gravity pulling on the water. e) two glaciers that cross. Permeable layers of rock that store and transport water are called aquifers. 4. land subsidence d) fine grained granite b) the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor d) all of the above D. It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. Effective porosity can also be determined by submerging a fully dried sample in a beaker filled with a measured quantity of water and applying suction to draw air out of the sample. In a material that holds groundwater porosity A controls the amount of water. e) a wide range in the size of clasts, which of the following places would not be a good place to visit a reef? Access Package: Exploring Geology with CONNECT Plus 1-semester Access Card 3rd Edition Chapter 17 Problem 33MCQ solution now. a) a line that connects the peaks and valleys of an area b) daily heating and cooling of the seas, which causes seawater to contract and expand Calculate the following. e) all of the above are reasons why rain forests are disappearing, e) all of the above are reasons why rain forests are disappearing, where do most deserts and arid lands occur: e) both a and b, c) the surface area increase as the rock is fractured, what is the common rock that can be dissolved by water and weak acids? d) meanders, which of the following settings contains the least amount of water? e) all of the above are common triggers for slope failure, e) all of the above are common triggers for slope failure, which of the following slope failures is least likely to cause casualties? Types of Aquifers 3. Both are related to the number, size, and connections of openings in the rock. Lecture notes Dr. J.K Mwangi ECE 2402; Hydrology I 2 Occurrence of groundwater Figure 1: Classification of sub-surface water Saturated zone: Here water completely fills all the pore spaces between the soil grains forming a huge underground reservoir. Weve pioneered distance learning for over 50 years, bringing university to you wherever you are so you can fit study around your life. Anyone can learn for free on OpenLearn, but signing-up will give you access to your personal learning profile and record of achievements that you earn while you study. d) marine terraces c) mudcracks are formed in deep water environments where sand and mud can be deposited in thin layers d) volcanic activity releases Co2 and water vapor that can cause atmospheric warming Free statement of participation on completion of these courses. It prevents most groundwater from circulating. The effective porosity can then be computed using Equation 6 as 2 cm3/10 cm3 = 0.20. a) sedimentary These pores are isolated from the active groundwater system, thus do not contribute to exchange of groundwater storage or transmission of groundwater. Porosity and Permeability. b) brittle deformation a)the magnetic properties of oxygen A soil moisture content of 150 mm/m. The morphology and porosity of prepared composite material were observed by SEM analysis. c) were first discovered on the island of Compostia in Italy a) scratched and polished bedrock b) the relationship between regional elevations and thickness of crust. b) a change in grain size However, in a material like a gravel, sand and clay mixture the porosity is much less as the smaller grains fill the spaces. d) a line that separates the tree from the grasslands on the shaded relief maps. b) very smooth topography as a result of the sedimentary cover d) in a subduction zone or accretionary prism, sudden movement of a fault can cause a tsunami when: . Leaks of contaminated flowback water Poor Management, Which of the following statements about groundwater is FALSE? 6. induces land subsidence, 1. creates a slope 3. a change in direction of groundwater flow b) lithosphere B. In broad terms, how does porosity vary with the grain size of (a) unconsolidated sediments and (b) consolidated sediments? b) have different types of geological hazards c) a burner gives heat through the air without touching the object d) rock slide Figure 14 illustrates how porosity varies with the degree of sorting and with the grain shape in unconsolidated sediments (sediments that have not been compacted or cemented). Groundwater is found in two zones. A. c) depends Internal friction and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity. Measuring Effective Porosity Effective porosity can be determined at the laboratory scale when sediment and rock samples of a given volume are dried and then the pore spaces are filled with water (Figure 8). Darcy's Law 5. c) rock vanish b) abyssal plain d) a gradual change in the climate b) recycled waste water c) a lake can gain water if it is lower then the water table in areas adjacent to the lake b) cooling and contraction These asymmetric membranes showed that high flux is largely due to their exceptional thinness and porosity (Feria-Daz et al., 2021; Loeb and Sourirajan, 1962). Groundwater moves very slowly through relatively impermeable materials such as clay and shale. c) some angular and some rounded clasts c) roots that pry apart fractures as the root grows in size porosity - the amount of empty space in a rock or other earth substance; this empty space is known as pore space. Permeability takes this pore space and connects the voids together so that water can pass through. 34. b) transform c) how close the river is to the ocean a) along the equator d) oversteepening of cliffs or hillslopes during road construction If a disturbed unconsolidated sample needs to be repacked into a container for porosity testing, it is best if the degree of compaction is noted for the native field conditions (e.g., by using a cone penetrometer or a standard penetration test). d) all of the above, El nino is a condition that brings increased precipitation to the eastern Pacific Ocean basin when: b) Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska Groundwater . 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